Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. The names given to such social groups change across time and cultural trends, although the labelling of jocks (students who participate in a lot of sports) and brains (students who excel academically) and nerds (socially excluded students) seem to span across generations. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. What are some examples of streaming? Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). How do relationships with teachers influence the socialization of students? The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. 50 Examples of Socializing - Simplicable Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Rules that students opposed were those that seemed pointless and arbitrary, particularly those around dress codes (Raby 2005). Humans are innately social and thrive in communication, comradery and competition with others. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as self-confidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. Schools and Socialization - Econlib They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Agents of Socialization: Family, Education, Media, and This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. As noted by Sussman et al. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. 1. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. 9. Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. Tom Lee. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. As noted by Sweet et al. Socialization Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. WebSocialization is the process by which people learn the culture of their society (Chambliss and Eglitis 87). Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. Religion. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. (2007), many social identity groups among peers are still strongly associated with socioeconomic background (i.e., the popular kids and jocks often come from the higher social classes, while the deviants come from the lower social classes). More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). What is streaming? Did you interact with people in other groups? Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. 1.3: Methods of Socialization - Social Sci LibreTexts The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. 2007)depending on who is doing them. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). As well, bully victims are often targeted for being too smart (Fried 1997) or below average intelligence (Olweus 1978) and being of a lower socioeconomic background (Bernstein and Watson 1997). Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). 8. According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. 11. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Socialization Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. School When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. They were also more likely to be married. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Socialization Research Paper What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. No Way! Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Analysis of Students’ It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7.