[19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . This included both agricultural and hunting land. jok ). During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Jur Alur Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Identification. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Dholuo But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Apoko, Anna (1967). rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. He was defeated in January 1986. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. and created larger political His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. authority of a district commissioner. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This has continued in various guises ever since. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. The Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not before. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards thesis, University of Nairobi. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Figure 5. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Orientation This made the chiefs more independent from Social Organization. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink The Central Lwo during the Aconya. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Political Organization. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Trade. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Under Ugandan Pres. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. more. (p. 34). Milton Obote (196271, 198085). The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. social organization of acholi - Brainly.com Acholi - Minority Rights Group The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. 1544957. Under Ugandan Pres. With colonial rule Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Orientation The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Political Organization. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda B.A. Vincent (2012). expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Division of Labor. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Movement. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. As droughts and David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. social control in the area. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE Religious Practitioners. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Girling, F. K. (1960). The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the [1994], p. 80). ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. Orientation In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. identity is rather disputed. Luo people - Wikipedia centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the As some of these languages show some form A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Political Organization. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. majority peasant population. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Kasozi, A. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Kinship Terminology. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. 23 Feb. 2023 . Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based 2008. 30. Dwyer, John O. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible ." These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. "Acholi second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. ." The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. At its peak in 2005 over Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Corrections? "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. It does not store any personal data. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The Southern Lwoo language group Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. million first language speakers at the time. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Inheritance. T(h)uri Kumam subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration London: James Currey. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . deaths. Identification. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. The account of the Acholi reaching Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. element of the social and political environment of the region. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony.
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